Extrusion International 2-2017

35 Extrusion International 2/2017 Here are some important considerations that we have identified regarding extrusion equipment and safety re- lated to processing fluoropolymers: Components that come in contact with molten resin such as the die head, tooling, adapter, breaker plate, and screw should be made of corrosion-resistant metals with high nickel content like Inconel 625 or Hastelloy C276. For corrosion protection of the extruder barrel, I recommend a tungsten carbide/nickel-based bimetallic barrel liner such as X800 ® . For small medical extruders, 1.25-inch (32 mm) and smaller, the entire backing material of the bime- tallic barrel is solid Inconel and the liner material is X800 ® . The typical fluoropolymer screw is a single-flight design with a 3:1 compression ratio. In some cases a low-shear Saxton-type distributive mixer is included at the end of the screw. Although Inconel and Hastelloy are corro- sion resistant, these specialty metals have low torsional strength compared to common screws that are made of 4140 or 4340 heat-treated steel. For instance, Hastelloy 625 has a yield strength of approximately 52,000 psi (359 MPa), about half that of 4140 steel at 28-32 Rc. Inconel 625 is a little stronger than Hastelloy C276 but is not as corrosion resistant. Care must be taken to avoid screw breakage when using an Inconel or Hastelloy screw while processing other high temperature polymers that are not corrosive such as PEEK, Polysulfone (PSU), and Poly- etherimide (PEI). For example, a 1-in. (25mm) extruder with a 5HP motor geared for 100RPM screw speed is very likely to snap a screw made from Hastelloy 625 during a cold start situation. Fluoropolymers have high melting points. For instance, PFA has a melting point at about 305°C (581°F). The bar- rel set points for FEP are in the 600-740°F range; therefore the extruder barrel heaters should be made from cast bronze and rated up to 480°C (900°F). Due to the high operating temperatures, a special dual-layer barrel safety shroud should be used over the barrel to protect the op- erator from burns. Fluoropolymers are also highly susceptible to melt frac- ture (“shark skin” appearance) on the surface of tubing, caused by excessive shear in the die tooling gaps as out- put rates are increased. The typical approach to avoid- ing melt fracture is to utilize larger tooling gaps, which means making the tubing with a larger drawdown. Tool- ing drawdowns of 3:1 to 20:1 are common for many poly- mers, whereas processors of fluoropolymers have used drawdowns of 50:1 or greater. Proper safety measures are important to consider when processing fluoropolymers. According to the “Guide to the Safe Handling of Fluoropolymer Resins,” published by the Fluoropolymers Division of the Plastics Industry As- sociation (formerly SPI), gases, vapors and fumes released during the extrusion of fluoropolymers may be harmful to human health. Vapors and fumes released during extrusion and while cleaning the die head can cause flu-like symptoms (chills, headaches, fever) that typically pass within 24 to 48 hours. The corrosive gases should be captured immediately and removed with an exhaust ventilation system that includes extraction hoods, ducting, and a fan. Extraction hoods should be placed above the die head and, for large-diam- eter tubing, an additional extraction hood over the area where the tubing is cut to length. Sealed packages of fluoropolymer resins should only be opened in well venti- lated areas. Consult the resin supplier’s MSDS for specific recommendations. At our exhibit at MD&M West (Booth 1933), where we will have a compact modular American Kuhne extruder on display with two barrel modules including a high tem- perature corrosion resistant 1.0” barrel. www.grahamengineering.com Steve Maxson Magnified View of Melt-Fractured Surface